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@#Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading factor of mortality among women globally. According to the World Health Organization (2015), breast cancer is the second most common cancer after lung cancer; and contributes to nearly 15% of all cancer death among women in 2015. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a highly nutritious vegetable with various therapeutic benefits including anticancer. The therapeutic benefits are attributed to its bioactive compounds. Thus, study on the bioactive compounds of M. oleifera using various extraction methods with different extracting solvents have been the main focus of many researchers. Methods: The current study was carried out using Ultrasound Assisted Sequential Extraction (UASE) method and three extracting solvents (99.7% ethanol, 50% ethanol and deionised water) with ascending polarity. The yielded extracts were tested for possible anticancer effects against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, MCF-7 and non-tumorigenic cell line, MCF-10A using microtitrate tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Results: The IC50 values of the 99.7% ethanol, 50% ethanol and deionised water extracts were 25, 200 and 180 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: M. oleifera could be a potential preventative and/or therapeutic agent for breast cancer, either used alone or as an adjunct to the standard chemotherapeutic drugs
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The sediment is one of the major compartments of aquatic ecosystems, it plays an important role in the transport and accumulation of metal. This study aimed to determine the concentration of metals in geochemical fractions of the Bento Gomes River sediments, Pantanal of Poconé (MT) through selective extraction and sequential in order to assess the distribution and mobility of metals. The sediments were collected in the rainy and dry seasons in eight different points, and the metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni) extracted from sediments by sequential extraction procedures (based on the proposed by BCR protocol - Community Bureau of Reference) and selective extraction (based on the 3050B protocol of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States), using certified reference materials for validation of the analytical method. All metals showed levels below the limits established by CONAMA Resolution nº 454/2012 in the dry season, except for Ni in the rainy season (greater than 18 mg kg-1). The fractionation studies indicated that the metals were found in mobilized sediment fractions, especially associated with the iron oxides. The metals more mobile and hence more bioavailable, have been manganese, zinc and nickel, particularly in the rainy season. Largest copper contents were found in the residual fraction of the sediment, indicating low mobility in the aquatic environment. The sequence of mobility of the metals studied was Mn> Zn> Ni> Cr> Cu> Fe.
O sedimento é um dos compartimentos mais importantes dos ecossistemas aquáticos, possui papel importante no transporte e acumulação de metais. Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a concentração de metais nas frações geoquímicas de sedimentos do Rio Bento Gomes, Pantanal de Poconé (MT) por meio da extração seletiva e sequencial, a fim de avaliar a distribuição e mobilidade dos metais. Os sedimentos foram coletados nos períodos seco e chuvoso em oito pontos distintos, e os metais (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn e Ni) extraídos dos sedimentos por procedimentos de extração sequencial (baseada no protocolo proposto por BCR -Community Bureau of Reference) e de extração seletiva (baseada no protocolo 3050B da Environmental Protection Agency of the United States), utilizando-se materiais de referência certificados para validação do método analítico. Todos os metais apresentaram teores abaixo do limite previsto na Resolução CONAMA nº 454/2012 no período seco, com exceção do Ni no período chuvoso (maior que 18 mg kg-1). Os estudos de fracionamento indicaram que os metais foram encontrados nas frações mobilizáveis do sedimento, especialmente associados aos óxidos de ferro. Os metais mais móveis e, consequentemente, mais biodisponíveis, foram o manganês, zinco e níquel, principalmente na época chuvosa. Maiores teores de cobre foram encontrados nas frações residuais do sedimento, indicando baixa mobilidade no meio aquático. A sequência de mobilidade dos metais estudados foi Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Fe.
Subject(s)
Trace Elements/analysis , Rivers , SedimentsABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate and characterize the chemical composition of the different crude extracts from the leaves of Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) (Moraceae) (B. luzonica), an endemic plant in the Philippines. Methods: The air dried leaves were powdered and subjected to selective sequential extraction using solvents of increasing polarity through percolation, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol to obtain three different extracts. Then, each of the extracts was further subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: Qualitative determination of the different biologically active compounds from crude extracts of B. luzonica using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed different types of high and low molecular weight chemical entities with varying quantities present in each of the extracts. These chemical compounds are considered biologically and pharmacologically important. Furthermore, the three different extracts possess unique physicochemical characteristics which may be attributed to the compounds naturally present in significant quantities in the leaves of B. luzonica. Conclusions: The three extracts possess major bioactive compounds that were identified and characterized spectroscopically. Thus, identification of different biologically active compounds in the extracts of B. luzonica leaves warrants further biological and phar-macological studies.
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Objective To investigate and characterize the chemical composition of the different crude extracts from the leaves of Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) (Moraceae) (B. luzonica), an endemic plant in the Philippines. Methods The air dried leaves were powdered and subjected to selective sequential extraction using solvents of increasing polarity through percolation, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol to obtain three different extracts. Then, each of the extracts was further subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results Qualitative determination of the different biologically active compounds from crude extracts of B. luzonica using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed different types of high and low molecular weight chemical entities with varying quantities present in each of the extracts. These chemical compounds are considered biologically and pharmacologically important. Furthermore, the three different extracts possess unique physicochemical characteristics which may be attributed to the compounds naturally present in significant quantities in the leaves of B. luzonica. Conclusions The three extracts possess major bioactive compounds that were identified and characterized spectroscopically. Thus, identification of different biologically active compounds in the extracts of B. luzonica leaves warrants further biological and pharmacological studies.
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The present study was undertaken to investigate antichelmintic activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extract of the stem bark of Bridelia retusa S. on adult African night crawlers (Eudrilus euginae) earthworms due to its anatomical and physiological similarity with the intestinal roundworm parasites of human being. Antihelmintic activity was investigated at 50 mg/ml for all the four extracts on earthworms and compared with standard piperazine citrate. The time of paralysis and death of the earthworms for piperazine citrate, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extract was noted. The death of earthworms occurred within few minutes of their paralysis. However, in control group, worms were observed for 24 hours and no paralysis or death was found during that period. In the present study, the extracts obtained using polar and non polar solvents were used for antihelmintic activity against earthworms. Comparing all extracts and standard of piperazine citrate at the same concentration (50 mg/ml), it was clear that chloroform extract showed significantly (p<0.05) better effect and hence higher antihelmintic activity in comparison to petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extract as well as that of standard, followed by ethanol extract which showed similar effects to standard while the rest of the extract showed poor effects. Thus indicating antihelmintic properties of the extract which may be attributed to the phytoconstituents present in it which needs further investigation.
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Este estudo apresenta dados sobre a mineralogia e a química de dois solos urbanos em Manaus (Horto Minicipal e Novo Israel) formados a partir da disposição e degradação de resíduo urbano em condições tropicais úmidas. Foi determinada a concentração de Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cd e Cr, investigado o grau de contaminação desses elementos no solo e o potencial deles comprometerem a qualidade da água subterrânea. Foi medido o fracionamento geoquímico por lixiviação sequencial dos elementos, além de determinado o pH, teor de matéria orgânica e caracterizados os grupos funcionais dos ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos. Comparativamente esses solos urbanos refletem a composição mineralógica dos solos naturais da região embora a caulinita tenha menor grau de ordenamento cristalino. Contudo, o pH e o conteúdo de matéria orgânica são bem mais elevados. Em termos absolutos ambos os solos têm aproximadamente a mesma sequência de concentração dos elementos: no Horto Municipal Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd e em Novo Israel Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. As maiores acumulações foram nas frações hidróxido de Fe amorfo e óxi-hidróxidos de Fe seguidas da matéria orgânica. Comparativamente, essas frações tiveram maior enriquecimento no Horto Municipal, provavelmente em consequência dos efeitos de envelhecimento dos resíduos, enquanto as mais biodisponíveis e a residual se acumularam mais em Novo Israel. Esse acúmulo nas fases mais móveis em Novo Israel é a causa da contaminação da água subterrânea e indica que o mesmo deve ocorrer no Horto Municipal.
This study presents the mineralogy and the chemistry of two urban soils in Manaus (Horto Minicipal and Novo Israel) formed by the accumulation and degradation of waste in tropical humid condition. It was quantified the content of Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cd e Cr and investigated the score of the contamination and the capability of these elements affect groundwater quality. It was quantified the geochemical fraction by sequential leaching, besides pH, organic matter content and the functional groups from the humic and fulvic acids were also determined. The urban soils reflect to a considerable extent the mineralogical composition of the natural soil of the region although the kaolinite has lower dregree of cristaline order. They have higher pH and organic matter content than the natural soil. Both urban soils have almost the same order of concentration elements: in the Horto Municipal Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd and in Novo Israel Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. The higher concentration occurs in the amorphous Fe hydroxide and Fe oxy-hydroxides followed by the organic matter fraction. These fractions have higher enrichment in the Horto Municipal probable in consequence of the ageing process of the waste, while the most exchangeable and the residual fractions have higher enrichment in the Novo Israel. This higher enrichment in the exchangeable phases is the cause of the groundwater contamination in Novo Israel and indicates a similar consequence in the Horto Municipal area.
Subject(s)
Open Dumps , Metals, Heavy , Organic MatterABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted different cold organic solvent extracts of fruits, flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis (L. against) some pathogenic bacteria.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Powders of fruits, flowers and leaves of L. inermis were continuously extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and ethanol at ambient temperature. The dried extracts were prepared into different concentrations and tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method, and also the extracts were tested to determine the available phytochemicals.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Except DCM extract of flower all other test extracts revealed inhibitory effect on all tested bacteria and their inhibitory effect differed significantly (P<0.05). The highest inhibitory effect was showed by ethyl acetate extract of flower against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and ethyl acetate extract of fruit on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of flower, fruit and leaf expressed inhibition even at 1 mg/100 µl against all test bacteria. Among the tested phytochemicals flavonoids were detected in all test extracts except DCM extract of flower.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of fruit and flower of L. inermis are potentially better source of antibacterial agents compared to leaf extracts of respective solvents.</p>
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Bacteria , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Flowers , Chemistry , Fruit , Chemistry , Lawsonia Plant , Chemistry , Phytochemicals , Chemistry , Plant Components, Aerial , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Solvents , Sri LankaABSTRACT
Heavy metal distribution in superficial sedimenta ta Saco, Gulf of Cariaco, Sucre, Venezuela. The Gulf of Cariaco is a marine ecosystem with high primary productivity, which gives it an ecological and socioeconomic importance. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities around the Gulf produce wastes that are deposited directly or by runoff into the sediments, and consequently, increases concentrations of metals in this ecosystem. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in geochemical fractions of surface sediments, using modified BCR sequential extraction procedure. The concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the contents of soluble and exchangeable metals associated to carbonate fractions, determined by BCR, were compared with those determined by the method of Campanella. Samples were collected in 12 stations during June 2007. The applied methodologies were evaluated with a certified reference material of marine sediments (HISS-1) and the results indicated that these methods provide adequate accuracy and precision for the extraction of metals. The total metal concentrations (μg g-1) were, Cd: < limit of detection (LD)-5.0; Pb: 1.79-60.41; Cu: no detected (ND)-42.18; Zn: 25.13-104.57; Mn: 66.31-80.29 and Ni: 3.29-24.58. Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb at several stations, exceeded the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines of the Lowest Effect Levels (LEL). Cadmium was identified as being the most mobile of the elements, having the highest concentrations in soluble and exchangeable cations and carbonates. However, Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn levels were found highly associated to organic matter and sulfide fractions. The methods did not show significant statistical differences for the extraction of soluble and exchangeable cations and the metals associated to carbonate fraction. There are several significant correlations between heavy metals, which suggest their common origin. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 129-140. Epub 2010 October 01.
El Golfo de Cariaco es un ecosistema marino con mucha productividad primaria, lo que le confiere especial importancia ecológica y socioeconómica. Sin embargo, los desechos de las actividades antropogénicas son descargados directamente o arrastradas por las escorrentías. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la distribución de cadmio, cobre, plomo, manganeso, níquel y zinc en las fracciones geoquímica de los sedimentos superficiales, usando el método modificado de extracción secuencial de la Comunidad Europea (BCR). Las concentraciones de los metales fueron medidas por espectroscopía de absorción atómica. Además, se compararon los contenidos de metales intercambiables y asociados a los carbonatos determinados por el procedimiento BCR modificado con los determinados por el método de Campanella. La recolección de muestras se hizo en 12 estaciones del sector oriental del Golfo de Cariaco, Estado Sucre, específicamente en el sector conocido como el Saco, en junio 2007. Las metodologías aplicadas fueron evaluadas usando un material de referencia certificado de sedimentos marino (HISS - 1). Los resultados indicaron que los métodos proveen exactitud y precisión adecuadas para la extracción de metales. Las concentraciones totales (μg g-1) fueron, Cd: < límite de detección (LD)-5.0; Pb: 1.79- 60.41; Cu: no detectado (ND)-42.18; Zn: 25.13-104.57; Mn: 66.31-80.29 y Ni: 3.29-24.58. Cd, Cu, Ni y Pb excedieron en varias estaciones los límites que pueden afectar la biota, establecidos por la Guía de Evaluación de la Calidad de los Sedimentos de Canadá. El cadmio fue el metal identificado como el más móvil, teniendo las más altas concentraciones como intercambiable y asociado a las fracciones de carbonatos. Sin embargo, Pb, Cu, Mn y Zn mostraron su mayor abundancia en la fracción asociada a materia orgánica y azufre. Los métodos no presentan diferencias significativas para extraer la primera fracción. Se encontraron significantes correlaciones entre los metales pesados que sugieren su origen común.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , VenezuelaABSTRACT
A sequential extraction procedure has been proposed for the evaluation of the speciation of heavy metals including Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn in sediments from mariculture area,and the speciation of heavy metals was separated and defined as acid soluble fraction,reducible fraction,fraction bound organic matter,fraction bound sulfides and residual fraction. Matrix effects of high salinity on the determination of heavy metals in sediments were eliminated by matrix matching and internal standard methods when inductively couple plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were used,respectively. The results showed that the measured values of marine sediment reference materials were consistent with the standard values when the digestion solutions were determined after dilution. The extraction results of the prepositional extraction procedure and European Community Bureau of Reference Program (BCR) procedure were compared and the selectivity of extractants was investigated. The preliminary studies indicated that this sequential extraction procedure was applicable for evaluating the speciation of heavy metals in sediment with organic substances pollution and eutrophication,especially for fraction bound organic matter and fraction bound sulfides.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as concentrações totais e em frações geoquímicas de Fe, Mn, Co, Cu e Zn em sedimentos, coletados nos períodos de seca (2005) e cheia (2006) do Lago do Parú. Nas partículas de sedimento seco ao ar (SSA) < 45 µm foi feita uma extração seqüencial pelo método de Tessier et al. (1979) que separa os elementos nas frações geoquímicas trocável, carbonácea, oxídica, orgânica e residual. As amostras de extrato diluídas foram lidas em cada fração, por espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama, sendo que o Fe apresentou a maior concentração total e uma forte associação com óxidos. O Mn alcançou a maior fração trocável dentre os elementos, em ambas as estações analisadas. O Zn obteve uma fração trocável constante entre os dois períodos analisados. O Cu se caracterizou por apresentar forte ligação pela fração orgânica, não variando de uma estação para outra nesta fração. O Co apresentou comportamento similar ao do Cu, exceto pela fração orgânica que apresentou diferença de concentração entre os períodos, sendo maior na cheia. As análises multivariadas confirmaram que os metais foram movimentados entre as frações geoquímicas do período seco para o de cheia.
The aim of this work was to determine whole and geochemical fractions of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu and Zn concentrations from sediments collected at low (2005) and high (2006) water seasons in Lago do Parú. From < 45 µm air dried sediment particles was made a Tessier et al. (1979) method to sequential extraction, which separates elements in exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to iron and manganese oxides, bound to organic matter and residual geochemical fractions. Diluted samples were read in each fraction, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, where Fe showed the highest whole concentration and strong association with oxides. Mn reached the biggest exchangeable fraction among elements in both analyzed periods. Cu showed strong association by organic fraction and don't presented difference of concentration between periods. Co presented similar behavior of Cu, except for organic fraction, in which showed difference between periods, where was bigger in high water level period. Multivariate statistical analyses confirmed that metals were displaced in sediments geochemical fractions at low and high water seasons.